From Secrets to Systems: Cyber Espionage as Epistemic Coercion in International Law
Introduction Espionage is clandestine information-gathering by or on behalf of a state. It is usually distinguished from covert action, which aims not merely to collect information but to shape outcomes while obscuring the sponsor’s role.[1] Yet the law governing inter-state relations has never drawn a stable line between “tolerated” intelligence activity and informational intrusion that counts […]
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